The Theme Of Trust In Hamlet, Claudius And Ophelia

In Hamlet, there arise questions of what is true or real and who can be trusted to share that truth. A particularly popular question is whether or not the ghost is real; however, this initial query raises the broader issue of trust in the narrative and trust in different characters that are presented on stage. Hamlet trusts the ghost and Horatio, Claudius trusts Polonius, but it does not seem that any of the men ever trust the two women in the play, Gertrude and Ophelia. So far as the audience sees, there seems to be no reason to suspect either woman of any wrongdoing or suspicious behavior. Yet, it seems that every opportunity these Hamlet, Claudius, and Polonius have to trust the women in their lives, they do not. The question†¦show more content†¦When Ophelia tells Polonius, her father, what she and Laertes were talking about, Polonius reiterates exactly what Laertes said and forbids her from seeing Hamlet, saying later that the prince is â€Å"out of [her] star (II .2.150).† Yet, Gertrude later, at Ophelia’s funeral, says that she had hoped that Hamlet and Ophelia would marry, which shows that whether Hamlet, Ophelia, and her family knew it or not, Ophelia would have been approved by the King and Queen for Hamlet and was not considered beneath him, at least not by the Queen (V.1.255). Though, there may be some indication that the Queen was beneath Hamlet’s father’s station as well, so she would be more excepting and sympathetic to Ophelia and her feelings (I.5.55-59). But, when the ‘adults’ discuss the cause of Hamlet’s madness, no one listens to the Queen’s astute understanding that her son is unhappy about her marriage, and the King listens instead to the other man in the discussion, Polonius and Polonius’s idea that Hamlet is mad for love. When Ophelia is sent to talk to Hamlet in Act III, both the King and Polonius hide behind a tapestry instead of trusting her to tell them w hat was actually said. Perhaps the reason Hamlet is so horrible to her after his soliloquy is because he realizes that the King and Polonius are listening in on them and he feels betrayed. The men in this play not putting their trust in Gertrude or Ophelia causes some of the strife and tragedy that occurs in the play. Certainly,Show MoreRelatedHamlet Betrayal1216 Words   |  5 Pagessomeones trust. In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, betrayal is a reoccurring action between many characters. This play shows the audience different types of betrayal that are imaginable, from a husband betraying his wife, a boyfriend betraying his girlfriend and a mother betraying the son and father. These actions of betrayal hurt the people that are most loved and destroys them where it most hurts in the end. Betrayal is one of the strongest and most important themes in Hamlet. The entireRead MoreHamlet Relationships And Madness Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesthe characters within the play Hamlet showed signs of madness. The characters went mad due to the antagonizing relationships they had with other characters; the madness within the play created a chain reaction among the ch aracters. In the end, the characters’ madness led to their own and others untimely demise. Claudius’ jealousy of Hamlet senior began his downward spiral to madness. Claudius’ lust for Queen Gertrude, his brother’s wife, led to him killing Hamlet senior. â€Å"Pray can I not, ThoughRead More Reality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in Shakespeares Hamlet1279 Words   |  6 PagesReality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in Shakespeares Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As appearances play an important role in todays society, so they also play an important role in William Shakespeares play Hamlet. From the first scene to the last, Shakespeare elaborates on the theme of appearance versus reality through plot and character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plays plot is full of incidents and events that are not what they appear to be. One such incident is Ophelias ambiguous death. When,Read More Shakespeares Hamlet - The Reality of Appearances Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reality of Appearances in Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Within Hamlet the notion of appearances (through apparitions and mental afflictions) lies in direct dichotomy of reality.   This becomes evident through both plot and character.   The continual demise in Hamlet’s mental state is an important issue which leads us to question his actions and motives within the play.   In this essay I shall be attempting to elucidate how the reality of appearances is a central theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plays plot is fullRead MoreHamlet By William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s play Hamlet never failed to impress scholars from all over the world because the play can be interpreted in many different ways. Hamlet is performed in all over the theater and never ceases to amaze those who read Hamlet and know the play by heart. Plays in theater can open a brand new perspective of the play Hamlet because readers can actually visualize scenes from Hamlet through the actors and have their own opinions about the play. I choose to analyze and review Hamlet because this playRead More Reality and Illusion in Shakespeares Hamlet - Appearance and Reality1313 Words   |  6 PagesAppearance and Reality in Hamlet    In today’s society, appearance is everything. What brand do you wear? What hairstyle do you have? What color is your skin? Are you fat? Are you â€Å"cool†? However, appearances are often deceiving, and sometimes first impressions are anything but accurate. The deceptive quality of appearance plays a major role in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet. Throughout the entire play, Shakespeare addresses the theme of appearance versus reality through plot and characterizationRead MoreThe Theme of Appearance vs. Reality in William Shakespeares Works729 Words   |  3 PagesThe Theme of Appearance vs. Reality in William Shakespeares Works Characters within one of William Shakespeares greatest tragic plays, Hamlet, appear to be true and honest but in reality are infested with many falsehoods and deceptions. Characters such as Polonius, Claudius, and Hamlet give an impression of a person who is sincere and genuine, but behind their masks are plagued with lies and evil. AsRead MoreThe Insanity Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Insanity in Hamlet Insanity, a theme explored by multiple authors in countless classic selections, has instilled itself as one of the darkest and interesting themes in the literary world. In Shakespeare’s legendary Hamlet, the audience questions the sanity of Hamlet and Ophelia constantly, as well as that of the other characters. As the story progresses, this becomes more and more relevant, bringing the reader to consider the causes and effects of the characters’ mental states on the resolutionRead MoreThe Theme of Knowledge in Hamlet Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesWho Knows?: The Theme of Knowledge in Hamlet What may be true to one person is not always true to another. There are huge factors to take into account like a difference in opinion, secrets, or lies. Another important aspect of information is what is done with it, since knowledge is power. The need to verify information is always as great as the need for it in the first place. These are all central pieces to consider when evaluating a theme of knowledge. This theme is especially noteworthy in WilliamRead MoreHamlet : Revenge, Uncertainty, And Madness1252 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is one of William Shakespeare’s tragedy play surrounded with three major themes: Revenge, Uncertainty, and Madness. Throughout the play, the theme Madness is surrounding the protagonist, Hamlet. Although, nowadays, Hamlet’s madness is still an enigma to the readers. His words and actions are highly debated whether he is deeply submerged in the sea of madness or he is merely acting. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, madness i s â€Å"the state of having serious mental sickness, or showing

Electronic Media - 1675 Words

ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND PRINT MEDIA INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC MEDIA This is a type of MASS MEDIA which uses ELECTRONIC Energy in the user end. The most familiar electronic media includes video recording, audio recording, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, CD ROM’S and online contents. Also, recorded broadcasting in television, radio, telephone etc. could be considered as electronic media. THE BASIC USES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA Electronic Media is probably the most diversified subject of study which is used in many areas including JOURNALISM: Journalism is a field which uses electronic media for broadcasting current events. Journalism is one of the best ways in which people get to know various factors including stock market, price†¦show more content†¦People should be clearly made aware of the dangerous involved. There have been misuses in form of bank debit cards, personal mail addresses etc. To avoid those people should be precautious. They should not let out their passwords and personal details to anyone. Kids should be restricted from viewing certain contents in websites. Also care should be taken to ensure that kids do not sit in front of television and internet too much. A CAREER IN ELECTRONIC MEDIA: A career in electronic media means being creative and thinking out of the box. The young generation has a fancy for electronic media as it is regarded as a glamorous field. As technology is improving and getting updated every day there are plenty of opportunities in field of electronic media and there is satisfying source of income. Many companies are in continuous need of quality professional from the field of electronic media. The want for people of the technical section is in greater demand and has better prospect. There are various colleges offering this course. A course in journalism or literature is good enough for a career in electronic media. Anyone can freelance irrespective of their educational qualification provided they have creativity. The job atmosphere is wonderful but could be inconvenient for girls as the timings could be not very convenient. INTRODUCTION TO PRINT MEDIA Print media is a way of reaching out to people by using paper written work. TheShow MoreRelatedElectronic Media13295 Words   |  54 PagesMatter of Time: Field Differences and the Shaping of Electronic Media in Supporting Scientific Communication Rob Kling Geoffrey McKim April 27, 2000 Indiana University School of Library and Information Science 10th Jordan, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA +1 812 855 5113 kling@indiana.edu, mckimg@indiana.edu Accepted for publication in: Journal of the American Society for Information Science Abstract The shift towards the use of electronic media in scholarly communication appears to be an inescapableRead MoreThe Problem Of Electronic Media2038 Words   |  9 Pagessignificant and sustainable transformation undergone by Croatian media in the years following the Yugoslav Wars of Dissolution. It has been through this analysis that I have endeavored to illuminate some of the many issues facing the Croatian media systems as a whole, and to establish the historical background necessary to understand the current state of media throughout the country. In this section I will argue that the Law on Electronic Media has not only failed to be implemented properly, but that culturalRead Moreadvabtages and disadvantages of electronic media829 Words   |  4 PagesAND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Electronic Media is a rich resource of services, supplies, creative and innovative solutions to everyday domestic and professional demands. We are living in the era of electronic media. None can avoid and escape from it. It is prevailing profound effects on advertisement, education, information, politics and other social activities. If we look around us what is there that is impossible to? It is none other than this electronic media that has made our lifeRead MoreEffect of Electronic Media on Children4822 Words   |  20 PagesPERSPECTIVE Effect of Electronic Media on Children MUNNI RAY AND KANA RAM JAT From the Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India. Correspondence to: Munni Ray, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India. munniray1@yahoo.com Radio, television (TV), movies, video games, cell phones, and computerRead MoreSocial Media And Electronic Gadgets1231 Words   |  5 PagesBan Social Media and Electronic Gadgets In the last decade, social media has tremendously revolutionized the way people socialize and communicate on the web. According to McCombs (2012), social media is a platform that allows people to stay connected through internet. In essence, social media has had a considerable impact on businesses, politics, family relations, and our culture. People are using social media to communicate with family members or their acquaintances to catch up on the latest issuesRead More The Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print Media1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print Media New technology has developed rapidly since the birth of the internet, and it continues to expand and evolve affecting many domains, especially the print media. This essay will investigate the influence and impact of current technology of the electronic media and World Wide Web on print media, and how future developments in technology will affect the future direction of the traditional newspaper. The way in which â€Å"Bloggers† haveRead MoreMexicos Current Electronic Media1468 Words   |  6 Pagesthe media, as the reporter without borders describes Mexico (Mexico Profile - Media). Due to the increase of deaths among reporters it becomes a risk to gather news for Mexican citizens. However, the growth of media continues to increase throughout Mexico. Despite the number of deaths among reporters media is still prominent in the country. Mexico s mass media is similar to the United States in most ways. In contrast to the U.S., Mexico s government has control and influence on th e media thatRead MoreThe Impact of Electronic Media on Performance of Students11847 Words   |  48 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The media, most especially television, mobile phone, internet, computer have gradually become a part of our daily lives, and sources of information, education and entertainment have been described as the primary functions of the media. Student at higher secondary level learnt more of media. There is three functions to the media: i. Surveillance of the Environment (the news function). ii. Correlation of the different parts of theRead More Electronic Publishing: The future of the media industry? Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesElectronic Publishing: The future of the media industry? It all depends on whom you talk to, because everyone has their opinion. Some people feel that this industry is a flash in the pan, but others feel quite differently. The Internet is expanding second by second and the information that is on this medium is astounding. Newspapers and magazines have jumped into a type of publishing called internet publishing, or electronic publishing, in which the Internet becomes the primary place to find informationRead MoreElectronic Media vs Print (Thesis Paper)13276 Words   |  54 PagesElectronic Media VS. Print Where America Gets Its News Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................†¦4 Premise Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Personal Limitation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................†¦5 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Section 1: Birth of Electronic Media and its Popularity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Radio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 Humble Beginnings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......6 From Navigation to

2001EHR Management Employee Relations

Question: Describe about the issues of the negotiation meeting of Jupiters Limited. Answer: Queensland, Australia 3rd June 2011 - The major issue, which has been identified in the negotiation meeting arrangement for the rise of wages as well as payroll, is a higher amount of lack of faith between two parties i.e. Jupiters Casino as well as Union flyers. It has been noted from the current scenario that Jupiterss limited applied for bargaining order against the breach of s229. The company has stood on the statement that the best offer for the company is 1.5% a year. Ingrid Asbury, the commissioner of Fair Work Australia Commissioner rejected the appeal stating that United Voice has done right by criticizing the stand of Jupiters limited. In addition to that, it has been also illustrated that the Jupiters Limited will be similarly accused of misrepresentation if the Unions flyers are proved as the party of misinterpretation by any chance. However, Jupiters Casino limited effectively contradicted that the Unions has no place to present false information in front of public. The idea of wage increase negation is entitle to have lots of criticism. However, both of the parties are responsible for providing accurate ideas in the meeting. In the present context, the Jupiters Casino has blamed the Union flyers for breaching s229 for presenting false information to the employees. Before the negotiation meeting at October 26 the company stated that, they will not hinder from the stand of 1.5% increase of both wage as well as payroll for the employees. However, the Union did not send any representative, as they were not expecting any compromise from the companys end. In this situation, the company initiated 1.5% rise of wage and payroll increase according to the respective negotiation meeting. On the other hand, the Union demanded 1.8% wage increase in the first year following by 3% total increase in the wage structure, which er ected a critical standoff. The main theme of the submitted report was the role of the bargaining agents in the relationship management between the employers and the employees. The company has stated that the employers are not able to understand the problems faced by each of the employees. They are not able to communicate with the 1600 employees individually to understand their requirements and support them regarding the well-beings of them. Therefore, the bargaining agent of the trade union group has a vital role in the employee-employer relationship. At present, the bargaining agents are the responsible person for negotiating with the employers regarding the needs of the employees. They talk with the group of the employees as well as the employers and ensure that the employees will get the benefits from the employer organization. The report was presented to the presented to the commissioner, but was not accepted. The commissioner rejected the term bargaining agent. He suggested that rather than using the term bargaining agents, they should use bargaining representative. According to the opinion of the commissioner, a person i.e., the bargaining representative cannot understand all the well-beings of the employees. After the rejection of the submitted report, it was decided that the employees would be asked for the endorsement of the industrial actions. The actions were wearing the badges and four-hour stopgaps, which were already mentioned in the uniform policy of the company. Reference List: Fossum, J. A. (2014).Labor relations. Mcgraw Hill Higher Educat. Grimshaw, D., Bosch, G., Rubery, J. (2014). Minimum wages and collective bargaining: What types of pay bargaining can foster positive pay equity outcomes?. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 52(3), 470-498. Herrman, A. R., Allen, M. (2014). HARDLINE VERSUS SOFTLINE BARGAINING STRATEGIES. Managing Interpersonal Conflict: Advances Through Meta-Analysis, 213. Rubin, J. Z., Brown, B. R. (2013). The social psychology of bargaining and negotiation. Elsevier. Snyder, G. H., Diesing, P. (2015).Conflict among nations: Bargaining, decision making, and system structure in international crises. Princeton University Press. Van Gyes, G., Schulten, T. (Eds.). (2015). Wage bargaining under the new European Economic Governance: Alternative strategies for inclusive growth. ETUI. Visser, J. (2013). Wage Bargaining Institutionsfrom crisis to crisis (No. 488). Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission. Williamson, S., ODonnell, M., Roles, C. (2016). Bargaining over Australian public service cuts: Do forcing strategies work?. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 27(1), 46-63.

Titration Lab Write Up free essay sample

Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar by using 0.1 M HCl and NaOH solution. By performing three titrations to determine the concentration of the base, the concentration of the acid was determined to be 0.600 M. It was possible to determine its concentration by standardizing the sodium hydroxide solution used for the first three titrations and by using phenolphthalein to indicate its equivalence point. In conclusion, although there were sources of error, the hypothesis was proven correct by the efficiency of the procedures and the accuracy of the results obtained. Introduction In chemistry, titration is a common laboratory technique that is used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution. It is performed by neutralizing the solution with the same volume of either an acid or base with a known concentration. (â€Å"Titration.† American Heritage Science Dictionary. 2010) Once the neutralization is complete, the concentration is determined by using the formula MAVA = MBVB. We will write a custom essay sample on Titration Lab Write Up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The basis of this process is that there are three known values and one unknown value. However, how is the concentration of a substance in a solution determined when there is another unknown value? An experiment was created with the purpose of answering this question by performing three titrations to obtain the value of one unknown concentration and using this value to determine the concentration of the acid used. Hypothesis If three titrations are performed using 0.1 M HCl and NaOH solution to obtain the molarity of the base, then this information can be used because by titrating the vinegar with the now known concentrated base, the concentration of the acetic acid can be determined. Materials and Methods All materials were gathered including a buret, graduated cylinder, stopcock, phenolphthalein, an Erlenmeyer flask, sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric solution. The buret and graduated cylinder were rinsed with water and any excess water draining out of the buret was discarded. To start the titration process the stopcock was closed and the buret was filled with sodium hydroxide until it reached the 0 mL mark. To measure approximately 10 mL of HCl solution, a graduated cylinder was used and this acid was placed into an Erlenmeyer flask. Its exact volume was recorded as well the initial reading of the sodium hydroxide in the buret. The acid was added to the flask by slowly opening the stopcock. During this step, the solution was constantly swirled to mix the acid with the base and caution was taken care of the solution’s color by immediately closing the stopcock once it reached a permanent pink color. Once the solution reached its endpoint, the readi ng was recorded and this procedure was repeated for the next three titrations. One exception was that during the fourth titration, 5.1 mL of the vinegar or acidic solution was used instead of 10 mL After all four titrations were completed, all materials were rinsed thoroughly. Results Trial # VA VB 1 10.00 mL At start: 0 mL At finish: 4.6 mL VB: 4.6 mL 2 10.00 mL At start: 4.6 mL At finish: 8.8 mL VB: 4.2 mL 3 10.00 mL At start: 8.8 mL At finish: 13.7 mL VB: 4.9 mL Vinegar 5.100 mL At start: 13.7 mL At finish: 27.0 mL VB: 13.3 mL The results show that for the first three trials, 10.00 mL of the same acid was titrated with sodium hydroxide. 4.6 mL of the base was used to titrate the acid after the first trial, 4.2 mL after the second trial and 4.9 mL after the third trial. For the final trial, 5.100 mL of vinegar was used as the acidic solution and 13.3 mL of the base titrated it. Calculations Trial #1 = 0.217 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb (0.1)(10.00) = (x)(4.6) → 0.217 Trial #2 = 0.238 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb → (0.1)(10.00) = (x)(4.2) → 0.238 Trail #3 = 0.204 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb → (0.1)(10.00) = (x)(4.9) → 0.204 0.217 + 0.238 + 0.204 3 = 0.220 Average Mb = 0.220 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb → (x)(5.1) = (0.220)(13.3) → 5.1x = 2.926 → x=0.574 Ma = 0.600 M Determining the Legality of the Vinegar Used g 1.1 L = 1.0 g → 1.5 L = 1500 g Discussion During the experiment, certain materials and methods were used to determine the concentration of the acetic acid in vinegar such as titration, phenolphthalein to indicate the equivalence point and standardizing the sodium hydroxide solution before performing the first three titrations. Titration was used to determine the concentration of the acidic solution by neutralizing it with a basic solution with a known concentration. Then, the volume of the base, concentration of the base and the volume of the acid were plugged into the formula, MAVA = MBVB. Phenolphthalein was used by indicating when the solution reached its equivalence point by turning its color to a permanent pink. Any other indicator such as methyl orange wouldn’t have worked out as well because when it would change the solution’s color to indicate the equivalence point, it wouldn’t be clear whether the solution was acidic or basic since its color would be the same as its initial color. The equivalence point is the point at which the acid and base are equal. Every neutralization reaction reaches this point since these types of reactions require equal amounts of both the acid and base in order to neutralize each other. Finally, it was important to standardize the sodium hydroxide solution in order to titrate the solution of vinegar because it helped avoid any other additional dependent variables and served as a constant during the experiment. If different amounts of the NaOH solution were used during the titrations, then inaccurate results would have been obtained since the concentration of the acid would have been calculated incorrectly. The obtained concentration of the acetic acid in vinegar was 0.600 M. According to legal terms, for vinegar to be legal, it must contain at least 4% acetic acid. The amount of acetic acid in legal vinegar is equal to at least 1 mole. However by using the formula for determining the molarity of a substance and a simple proportion, it was found that the vinegar used during the experiment was not legal. Conclusion The significance of the results is that they proved our hypothesis correct by showing that the procedures used did achieve the purpose of the experiment by successfully helping us determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar. Although the obtained concentration was off by 25% compared to the expected concentration, the results were accurate in that they showed the molarity of the acid was fairly higher than the concentration of the base used because a lesser volume of the acid was used than the base. This percent error may have occurred due to a source of error found in the stopcock. A leakage of the NaOH solution through the stopcock may have resulted in inaccurate recordings of the volumes of the base used in each trial and therefore a lower concentration of the acetic acid was calculated. An improvement that can be made to the experiment is by opening the stopcock just a little so that only drops of the NaOH solution would fall into the flask. Even though it would take longer to complete the experiment this way, this would help achieve more accurate results.